## UR User Manual

- NAME
- Perspective on Objects
- Object-Relational Mapping
- Object Context

- Benefits
- Issues

- Class Definitions
- Metadata
- Documentation System
- Iterators
- Command Line Tools
- Example

- PathThing/Path.pm
- PathThing/Node.pm

# NAME

UR::Manual::Overview - UR from Ten Thousand Feet

# Perspective on Objects

Standard software languages provide a facility for making objects. Those objects have certain characteristics which are different with UR objects.

A standard object in most languages:

- exists only as long as the program which created it has a reference to it
- requires that the developer manage organizing the `object(s)` into a structure to support any searching required
- handles persistence between processes explicitly, by saving or loading the object to external storage
- references other objects only if explicitly linked to those objects
- acts as a functional software device, but any meaning associated with the object is implied by how it is used

Regular objects like those described above are the building blocks of most software.

In many cases, however, they are often used for a second, higher-level purpose: defining entities in the domain model of the problem area the software addresses. UR objects are tailored to represent domain model entities well. In some sense, UR objects follow many of the design principles present in relational databases, and as such mapping to a database for UR objects is trivial, and can be done in complex ways.

UR objects differ from a standard object in the following key ways:

- the object exists after creation until explicitly deleted, or the transaction it is in rolled-back
- managing loaded objects is done automatically by a Context object, which handles queries, saving, lazy-loading and caching
- it is possible to query for an object by specifying the class and the matching characteristics
- the object can reference other objects which are not loaded in the current process, and be referenced by objects not in the current process
- the object is a particular truth-assertion in the context in which it exists

# Object-Relational Mapping

UR's primary reason for existing is to function as an ORM. That is, managing how to store instances of objects in memory of a running program with more persistant storage in a relational database, and retrieve them later. It handles the common cases where each table is implemented by a class their columns are properties of the classes; retrieving objects by arbitrary properties; creating, updating and deleting objects with enforced database constraints; and named relationships between classes.

It can also handle more complicated things like:

- classes for things which are not database entities at all
- derived classes where the data spans multiple tables between the parent and child classes
- loading an object through a parent class and having it automatically reblessed into the appropriate subclass
- properties with no DB column behind them
- calculated properties with a formula behind them
- inheritance hierarchies that may have tables missing at some or all stages
- meta-data about Properties, Classes and the relationships between them

# Object Context

With UR, every object you create is made a part of the current ``Context''. Conceptually, the Context is the lens by which your application views the data that exists in the world. At one level, you can think of the current context as an in-memory transaction. All changes to the object are tracked by the context. The Context knows how to map objects to their storage locations, called Data Sources. Saving your changes is simply a matter of asking the current context to commit.

The Context can also reverse the saving process, and map a request for an object to a query of external storage. Requests for objects go through the Context, are loaded from outside as needed, and are returned to the caller after being made part of the current context's transaction.

Objects never reference each other by actual Perl reference internally, instead they use the referent's ID. Accessors on an object which return another object send the ID through the context to get the object back, allowing the context to load the referenced object only when it is actually needed. This means that your objects can hook together until references span an entire database schema, and pulling one object from the database will not load the entire database into memory.

The context handles caching, and by default will cache everything it touches. This means that you can ask for the same thing multiple times, and only the first request will actually hit the underlying database. It also means that requests for objects which map to the same ID will return the exact same instance of the object.

The net effect is that each process's context is an in-memory database. All object creation, deletion, and change is occurring directly to that database. For objects configured to have external persistence, this database manages itself as a ``diff'' vs. the external database, allowing it to simulate representing all UR data everywhere, while only actually tracking what is needed.

## Benefits

- database queries don't repeat themselves again and again
- you never write insert/update/delete statements, or work out constraint order yourself
- allows you to write methods which address an object individually, with ways to avoid many individual database queries
- explicitly clearing the cache is less complex than explicitly managing the caching of data

## Issues

- the cache grows until you explicitly clear it, or allow the Context to prune the cache by setting object count limits explicitly
- there is CPU overhead checking the cache if you really are always going directly to the database

# Class Definitions

At the top of every module implementing a UR class is a block of code that defines the class to explicitly spell out its inheritance, properties and types, constraints, relationships to other classes and where the persistent storage is located. It's meant to be easy to read and edit, if necessary. If the class is backed by a database table, then it can also maintain itself.

# Metadata

Besides the object instances representing data used by the program, the UR system has other objects representing metadata about the classes (class information, properties, relationships, etc), database entities (databases, tables, columns, constraints, etc), transactions, data sources, etc. All the metadata is accessable through the same API as any of the database-backed data.

For classes backed by the database, after a schema change (like adding tables or columns, altering types or constraints), a command-line tool can automatically detect the change and alter the class definition in the Perl module to keep the metadata in sync with the database.

# Documentation System

At the simplest level, most entities have a 'doc' metadata attribute to attach some kind of documentation to. There's also a set of tools that can be run from the command line or a web browser to view the documentation. It can also be used to browse through the class and database metadata, and generate diagrams about the metadata.

# Iterators

If a retrieval from the database is likely to result in the generation of tons of objects, you can choose to get them back in a list and keep them all in memory, or get back a special Iterator object that the program can use to get back objects in batches.

# Command Line Tools

UR has a central command-line tool that cam be used to manipulate the metadata in different ways. Setting up namespaces, creating data sources, syncing classes with schemas, accessing documentation, etc.

There is also a framework for creating classes that represent command line tools, their parameters and results, and makes it easy to create tools through the Command Pattern.

# Example

Given these classes:

PathThing/Path.pm

      use strict;
      use warnings;

      use PathThing;  # The application's UR::Namespace module

      class PathThing::Path {
          id_by => 'path_id',
          has => [
              desc   => { is => 'String' },
              length => { is => 'Integer' },
          ],
          data_source => 'PathThing::DataSource::TheDB',
          table_name => 'PATHS',
      };

PathThing/Node.pm

      class PathThing::Node {
          id_by => 'node_id',
          has => [
              left_path => { is => 'PathThing::Path', id_by => 'left_path_id' },
              left_path_desc => { via => 'left_path', to => 'desc' },
              left_path_length => { via => 'left_path', to => 'length' },
              right_path => { is => 'PathThing::Path', id_by => 'right_path_id' },
              right_path_desc => { via => 'right_path', to => 'desc' },
              right_path_length => { via => 'right_path', to => 'length' },
              map_coord_x => { is => 'Integer' },
              map_coord_y => { is => 'String' },
          ],
          data_source => 'PathThing::DataSource::TheDB',
          table_name => 'NODES',
      };

For a script like this one:

      use PathThing::Node;
      my @results = PathThing::Node->get(
                        right_path_desc => 'over the river',
                        left_path_desc => 'through the woods',
                        right_path_length => 10,
                    );

It will generate SQL like this:

      select NODES.NODE_ID, NODES.LEFT_PATH_ID, NODES.RIGHT_PATH_ID,
             NODES.MAP_COORD_X, NODES.MAP_COORD_Y,
             left_path_1.PATH_ID, left_path_1.DESC, left_path_1.LENGTH
             right_path_1.PATH_ID, right_path_1.DESC, right_path_1.LENGTH
      from NODES
      join PATHS left_path_1 on NODES.LEFT_PATH_ID = left_path_1.PATH_ID
      join PATHS right_path_1 on NODES.RIGHT_PATH_ID = right_path1.PATH_ID
      where left_path_1.DESC = 'through the woods'
        and right_path_1.DESC = 'over the river',
        and right_path_1.LENGTH = 10

And for every row returned by the query, a PathThing::Node and two PathThing::Path objects will be instantiated and stored in the Context's cache. `@results` will contain a list of matching PathThing::Node objects.